Phrase 

Group of the words and it acts as a single part of speech but it is not, It will never be full-sentence Because phrases do not have both a subject and a verb.

Example

my best friend (noun)
With the blue Shirt (adj)
For twenty days (adj)

Clause 

A clause is a group of words that can be a sentence it is not always a sentence but the big difference between phrases and clauses is that clauses do have both a subject and a verb

Dependent Clause 

So clauses could be a dependent clause that cannot stand on its own

For example,

The wizard, who cast a spell   (that can't be its own sentence)

The wizard cast a spell (that is also a clause and it's also its own sentence)

while my guitar gently weeps

Independent Clauses 

it is a sentence and it is a collection of phrases with a subject and a verb.

Example:

• I ate the apple
• That is not our dog

Dependent Clauses 

i cannot stand on its own as a sentence, So it includes as subjects and a verb, but it cannot be its own sentence and it is a sentence fragment and it begins with a subordinating conjunction.

Example: 

• Because I forgot my homework.
• Because I forgot my homework, I got sent home
• Because it was delicious

Relative Clauses 

A dependent Clause that starts with a relative pronoun
A relative pronoun is a word like who that which

Examples 

• The boy who lived
• We need to find a store that sells the ice cream
• The woman who always wares a red hat came into my school