The first law of thermodynamics and its applications to adiabatic, isothermal, cyclic, and free expansion. Reversible and irreversible processes. The second law of thermodynamics, Carnot theorem, and Carnot engine. Heat engine, Refrigerators. Calculation of efficiency of heat engines. Thermodynamic temperature scale: Absolute zero, Entropy, Entropy in a reversible process, Entropy in an irreversible process. Entropy and Second law of thermodynamics, Entropy, and Probability. Thermodynamic Functions: Thermodynamic functions (Internal energy, Enthalpy, Gibb’s functions, Entropy, Helmholtz functions), Maxwell’s relations, TdS equations, Energy equations, and their applications. Low-Temperature Physics, Joule-Thomson effect, and its equations. Thermoelectricity: Thermocouple, Seebeck’s effect, Peltier’s effect, Thomson effect.